ماذا يجب أن نعرف عن فيروس كورونا؟ وكيف يمكننا الوقاية منه؟
معلومات هامة ومفيدة تساعدنا على فهم ما يجري وما يجب على كل فرد منا القيام به للوقاية من الإصابة بهذا الفيروس.
بداية يجدر القول بأن هناك مغالطات كبيرة وأوهام لا داعي لها بحيث إذا ما تتبعنا بعض الإرشادات العامة يمكننا حماية أنفسنا وأولادنا من الإصابة بهذا الفيروس الذي ذاع صيته في الآونة الأخيرة.
والهدف من هذا المقال هو التذكير بأهم التطورات والإجابة بقدر الإمكان على بعض ما يراودنا من أسئلة واستفسارات، قد تفيد الكثير من الإخوة المتحدثين باللغة العربية المقيمين في اليونان، والذين لا تصلهم معلومات حول تطور مجريات الأحداث المتعلقة بهذا الشأن.
نذكر بداية بعض خصائص هذا الفيروس الجديد الذي أربك العالم وأصبح الشغل الشاغل للجميع خلال الآونة الأخيرة والمتعارف عليه عالمياً بالرمز.
ذكر الأستاذ الجامعي أثاناسيوس تساكريس، رئيس قسم علم الجراثيم والميكروبات، ونائب رئيس جامعة أثينا حول هذا الموضوع ما يلي :
أولاً: ما هو فيروس كورونا؟
هو مجموعة من الفيروسات التي تصيب البشر بالتهاب في الجهاز التنفسي العلوي، وحدة الإصابة تكون من بسيطة إلى متوسطة، وأعراض الإصابة تشبه إلى حد كبير أعراض الإصابة بمرض الإنفلونزا العام، وهي : سيلان الأنف، والسعال، وألم في البلعوم، وألم في الرأس، وارتفاع درجة حرارة الجسم.
ولكن تكمن خطورة الإصابة بهذه الفيروسات أن يجد الفيروس لنفسه تربة خصبة لدى الأشخاص الذين يعانون من ضعف مناعة الجسم وعدم مقاومته للفيروس، مما يؤدي إلى سوء الحالة والإصابة بالتهاب الجهاز التنفسي السفلي، ما يعني التهاب القصبة الهوائية وربما التهاب الرئتين، وقد يصل الحال إلى خلل بكامل أجهزة الجسم، كالفشل الكلوي وقد يؤدي إلى الوفاة.
وإسم فيروس كورونا مأخوذ من اللغة اليونانية، ويعني التاج، حيث يشبه أن الشكل الخارجي للفيروس يشبه التاج.
ثانياً: ما هي هوية فيروس كورونا الجديد؟
تم التعرف على الفيروس في مطلع العام الجديد في مدينة ووهان الصينية، ويمكنه أن يسبب التهاباً في الجهاز التنفسي، ونسبة الخطورة تكون متفاوتة حسب الحالة الصحية العامة للمريض المصاب، وهناك نسبة تصل إلى 20 في المئة من الحالات المصابة قد تحتاج لعلاج ومتابعة ضمن مراكز خاصة في المشافي، أما الأعراض عادة ما تحتاج إلى فترة زمنية قصيرة من الإصابة لظهورها تتراوح ما بين يومين إلى خمسة أيام، ولكن قد تطول هذه الفترة إلى 14 يوماً من بداية التعرض للفيروس، وهذه الأعراض تبدأ بشكل تدريجي وتزداد حدتها يوماً بعد يوم.
ثالثاً: كم هي خطورة هذا الفيروس؟
خطورته كبيرة بسبب قلة المعلومات عنه، وذلك بسبب حداثة اكتشافه، وما زالت البحوث والدراسات جارية، وهناك معلومات حديثة تضاف يوماً بعد يوم. ولكن من المفيد جداً ما نملكه من معلومات سابقة عن فيروس كورونا المعروف لدينا، والذي ينتمي لنفس عائلة هذا الفيروس الجديد.
فعلى سبيل المثال، في عام 2002، حين تم اكتشاف فيروس سارس، وهو من نفس عائلة فيروس كورونا، تم الكشف عنه أيضاً في الصين وانتشرت عدواه حينها إلى 27 دولة أخرى، وكانت مجمل الإصابات 8000 حالة، والوفيات 770 حالة، وحينها قامت وزارة الصحة الصينية بحصر معلومات دقيقة حول هذا الفيروس وجرت بحوث مختلفة بمساعدة لجان الصحة العالمية المسؤولة عن الأوبئة، وهذه الدراسات كان لها فائدة كبيرة في الكشف عن الفيروس الجديد.
وفي تلك الفترة تبين أن فيروس سارس له حدة ضعيفة في انتقال العدوى من شخص إلى آخر مقارنة بالفيروس الجديد، لكن خطورة الوفاة من الإصابة به كانت بالتأكيد أكبر بكثير، فقد كانت نسبة الوفيات تتجاوز الـ 35 في المئة، بينما فيروس كورونا الجديد ينتقل بسرعة أكبر بكثير، لكن معدل الوفيات منه لا يتجاوز الـ 4 في المئة من مجمل الإصابات، مع العلم أن بعض الأشخاص المصابين والذين لديهم أعراض طفيفة لا يلجأون إلى المراكز الصحية، وبالتالي لا يتم حصرهم وتحديد أعداد الإصابات بدقة.
وبحسب منظمة الصحة العالمية، فإن متوسط أعداد الإصابات الجديدة لكل شخص مصاب يتراوح بين 1.4 إلى 2.5 مريض. ويجدر الذكر أنه في الفترة الموسمية لحالات الإصابة بالإنفلونزا، كل مريض ينقل العدوى إلى نسبة تقريبية 3.1 شخص آخر سليم. ولكن الفرق الجوهري بين الحالتين هو وجود لقاح لفيروس الإنفلونزا، بينما لم يتم العثور بعد على لقاح لفيروس كورونا الجديد، ما يعني وجود صعوبات في حماية الفئة الحساسة في المجتمع من الإصابة كالأشخاص كبار السن وذوي الأمراض المزمنة، وكذلك لا يوجد جدار مناعة كافي في المجتمع العالمي بسبب حداثة الفيروس.
رابعاً: كيف يتم انتقال العدوى بعد إصابة شخص ما بفيروس كورونا الجديد؟
يتم انتقال العدوى من الشخص المصاب من خلال ما يخرجه من فمه أو أنفه من رذاذ سائل خلال السعال أو العطس، أو تنتقل العدوى من خلال لمس شيء ما كسطح طاولة ملوث بالفيروس ومن ثم وضع اليد على الفم أو الأنف أو العين وبذلك يدخل الفيروس إلى الجسم عن طريق جهاز التنفس.
وما تؤكده منظمة الصحة العالمية هو عدم إثبات انتقال الفيروس من خلال لمس أشياء قادمة من الصين مثلاً، بسبب الوقت المحدود للفيروس في حال وجوده على سطح شيء ما قبل القضاء عليه، وهذا الوقت لا يتجاوز بضعة ساعات وبعدها يموت الفيروس.
خامساً: هل يوجد علاج شافي لهذا الفيروس القاتل؟
في الوقت الحالي لا يوجد دواء خاص مضاد للفيروس، والعلاج الذي يتم هو لمعالجة الأعراض الناجمة عن الإصابة بالفيروس.
سادساً: هل هناك خطوات احترازية للوقاية من الإصابة بعدوى فيروس كورونا الجديد؟
ما هو مؤكد أن كافة سوائل التعقيم الكحولية تقضي على الفيروس، ومن المهم جداً التقيد بالتعليمات الأساسية للنظافة العامة وتتلخص بالآتي :
غسل اليدين بشكل جيد بالماء والصابون لمدة لا تقل عن عشرين ثانية حسب إرشادات منظمة الصحة العالمية، وطبعاً تناول وجبات طعام صحية ومتوازنة غنية بالفاكهة والخضروات، فبسبب خاصيتهم المضادة للأكسدة تحمي الجسم وتجعله درعاً مسلحاً للوقاية من الفيروسات عموماً، كما يحدث في حالة الوقاية من عدوى الإنفلونزا الموسمية.
سابعاً: ما هو تقييم خطورة فيروس كورونا الجديد بالنسبة لليونان؟
حسب الإحصاءات الحالية والتعليمات الواردة من المركز الأوروبي للوقاية والحماية من الأمراض المعدية والمعروفة بمركز “إيه سي دي سي”، فإن حدة الخطورة لانتقال العدوى إلى أوروبا وبالتالي إلى اليونان ذات حدة متوسطة، ولكن إذا ما تم اتباع الخطوات التي يؤكد عليها القائمين على المركز فذلك سوف يساعد بشكل فعال في التقليل من هذه الخطورة والحد من انتشار الفيروس على الأراضي الأوروبية.
ماذا يجب أن نفعل؟
ما علينا القيام به هو التقيد بالتعليمات والإرشادات العامة للنظافة، فهذه الخطوات ورغم سهولة تطبيقها يمكن أن تحمينا من الإصابة بعدوى الفيروس في حال تعرضنا له. هذا ما أكدته وزارة الصحة اليونانية في سياق متابعة إرشادات منظمة الصحة العالمية من خلال برنامجها الذي يطبق حالياً للوقاية من عدوى فيروس كورونا الجديد.
وتحديداً علينا القيام بما يلي :
غسل اليدين وخصوصاً الكفين بماء وافر وصابون كما يمكن استخدام سوائل التعقيم الكحولية. في حال السعال أو العطاس يجب أن نغطي الفم والأنف إما بكوع اليد وإما بمناديل محارم تستخدم لمرة واحدة ويتم إلقائها في كيس قمامة وإغلاقه جيداً.
وفي حال ظهور أعراض الإصابة بالإنفلونزا فعلينا الابتعاد عن الأشخاص الذين لديهم هذه الأعراض (السعال والحرارة وسيلان الأنف وألم البلعوم)، كما يجب على كل شخص يعاني من هذه الأعراض الابتعاد عن التجول في الأماكن العامة والالتزام بالمنزل.
وفي حال ظهور أعراض (سعال وحرارة وضيق في التنفس) على أشخاص كانوا قد سافروا خلال الآونة الأخيرة إلى بلدان سجلت لديها احتمالات إصابة بالفيروس فعلى هؤلاء الأشخاص التواصل مع طبيبهم الخاص وأخذ التعليمات منه أو الاتصال على الرقم الساخن (( 2105212054 ))، والبقاء في منازلهم حتى إتمام إجراء الفحوص اللازمة لهم.
وفي حالة ظهور الأعراض على شخص ما خلال سفره يجب عليه إعلام طاقم السفر بالأمر وطلب المساعدة الطبية الأولية.
كما يجب غسل اليدين عند تجهيز الطعام وعند العناية بالمرضى أو عند لمس الحيوانات الأليفة وغيرها.
ونقلاً عن السيد سوتيريس تسيوذراس، المتحدث باسم وزارة الصحة وأستاذ علوم الجراثيم، فإن 85 في المئة من المصابين بالفيروس يتعافون بشكل تام وكأنها إصابة عدوى الإنفلونزا الشتوية دون الحاجة لأي علاج آخر، والإبلاغ فوراً عند الشك أو الاشتباه بحالة ما.
وأكد أيضاً أن عمليات التفتيش والبحث عن حالات الإصابات في مختلف مخارج البلاد أثبتت عدم جديتها، فقد يكون الشخص مصاباً ولم تظهر عليه الأعراض بعد ويدخل البلاد وتبدأ بعدها أعراض الإصابة، حيث أن 90 في المئة من حالات الإصابة بالعدوى لم يتم اكتشافها بالكاميرا الحرارية التي تم توزيعها على الحدود وفي مطارات بلدان العالم.
الدكتور : مأمون مسعود
أخصائي جراحة عظمية
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